Tennessee Vital Records

Learn how and where to obtain birth, marriage, and death certificates and records in Tennessee, including the dates for which Tennessee vital records are available, where they are located, and links to online Tennessee state vital records databases. Tennessee Vital Records 1st Floor, Central Services Building421 5th Avenue, NorthNashville, TN 37243Phone: 615-741-1763 What You Need to Know Check or money order should be made payable to Tennessee Vital Records. Personal checks are accepted. Call or visit the Web site to verify current fees. A photocopy of a valid government-issued form of identification which includes the requestor’s signature, usually a driver’s license, must accompany requests for birth and death records.   Tennessee Birth Records   Dates: From 1908Cost of copy: $15.00 long-form; $8.00 short form Comments: Tennessee birth records less than 100-years-old are only available to the individual named on the certificate, or their spouse, parent, legal guardian or child. However, verification of information from the records (a transcription of all available information)  can be provided to any requester with a Verification of Birth Facts request. Birth records are available from the State Office beginning with January 1914 births. Records of births from 1908-1912 were kept by the County Clerk in the county where the birth occurred and are also available at the Tennessee State Archives. Records of some births that occurred in the major cities (Nashville since June 1881, Knoxville since July 1881 and Chattanooga since January 1882) are also available. Although the short form is cheaper, the long-form (a photocopy of the original record) is much better for genealogical purposes!Application for Tennessee Birth Certificate *Memphis birth records from April 1874 to December 1887 and November 1898 to January 1, 1914, are available from the Memphis Shelby County Health Department. Tennessee Death Records   Dates: From 1908Cost of copy: $7.00 Comments: Tennessee death records less than 50-years-old are only available to the individual named on the certificate, or their spouse, parent, legal guardian or child. However, verification of information from the records can be provided to any requester with a Verification of Death Facts request. This is  a transcription of all available information from the death record, excluding the cause of death.   The State office has had death records for the entire State since January 1914, for Nashville since July 1874, for Knoxville since July 1887 and for Chattanooga since March 6, 1872. Death records are available from the State Vital Records Office for the past 50 years. Older death records can be requested through the Tennessee State Archives. Although the short form is cheaper, the long-form (a photocopy of the original record) is much better for genealogical purposes!Application for Tennessee Death Certificate Tennessee Marriage Records Dates: From 1861*Cost of copy: $15.00 (state) Comments: Tennessee marriage records less than 50-years-old are only available to the individuals named on the certificate, or their spouse, parent, legal guardian or child. However, verification of information from the records (a transcription of all available information) can be provided to any requester with a Verification of Marriage Facts request. The State office has marriage records for the entire State for the past 50 years. Older records are held by the Tennessee State Archives.Application for Tennessee Marriage Certificate *For Memphis birth records from April 1874 - December 1887 and November 1898 - January 1, 1914, and for Memphis death records from May 1848 to January 1, 1914, write to Memphis-Shelby County Health Department, Division of Vital Records, Memphis, TN 38105. Tennessee Divorce Records Dates: From July 1905Cost of copy: $15.00 Comments: Vital Records Office keeps divorce records for 50 years. Older records are maintained by the Tennessee State Archives. Divorces can also be obtained from the Clerk of Court in the county where the divorce was granted. If youre ineligible to receive a certified copy of the divorce, you can still apply for the Verification of Divorce Facts for a transcription of information from the divorce record. *Early divorce requests in Tennessee had to be approved by the Tennessee General Assembly. Search the Index to Names in the Acts of Tennessee 1796-1850 to see if there is a listing for a particular individual. If found, the Tennessee State Archives can provide copies for a fee.

How Freemasonry Steered the American Revolution and the...

Although their influence on the social sphere was by far the largest, the masons also had an impact on military conditions during the American Revolution and War for Independence. The masons were essential in providing military camaraderie during the wars leading up to the American Revolution and during the Revolutionary war through their military lodges and inclusive stance. Military Lodges provided support and boosted morale for soldiers during the War for Independence among other wars. Military lodges were much like normal lodges except that they did not have permanent locations. These lodges were portable so that they could travel with the military and so that freemasons fighting in the war has the ability to continue their membership†¦show more content†¦The masons left this lasting impact on the society with only small gestures such as their inclusive stance and motivational lodges. Besides the masons internal effects such as the spreading of republican principles in the social arena and the motivation in the military, freemasons also left their mark on international affairs during the American Revolution. Masons were vital as unofficial ambassadors in international affairs between the United States and other peoples both European and Native American. One thing freemasonry did for foreign affairs is that it encouraged goodwill amid fighting. When two people or groups are in a fight, much less a war, often the parties are less than cordial to each other. Freemasonry ensured that despite fighting, men on either side would be respected. During the War for Independence, this became important in saving masonic loves. Brant led a group of Mohawks Indians during the war in support the British. This group captured Colonel John McKinstry, a patriot and a mason. When McKinstry displayed the masonic recognition sign, it is reported that Brent freed him and sent him back to his army. It has been reported that a similar occurrence happened with other men such as Lieutenant Jonathon Maynard and Major John Wood (Ridley 102). Now these stories could be folklore passed down through generations, but should they be true, they reflect a respect that freemasonry creates between men of different nationalities. This

Child Care Introduction to Children Free Essays

string(63) " more flexibility in certain areas of the national curriculum\." Unit 1; E1 Statutory; sectors that are fully funded but it depends on the boroughs. One example is school nurseries. In this setting professionals aim to make life in the setting feel like a family atmosphere for children to feel comfortable. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Care Introduction to Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Professionals also help children to develop with carefully chosen activities to do with the 6 learning areas, these are; language and literacy, creative development, physical development, personal social and emotional development, knowledge and understanding of the world and mathematical development. They aim to help children develop at their pace and doesn’t rush anything because they know every child is individual in their own way. The nurseries also help children feel safe and secure in the environment and give them a healthy balanced lifestyle such has healthy meals, 5 a day and run around out the garden areas. The private sector; is full costing to parents, they have to pay the cost for their children, it isn’t paid for them. One example of this is preschools. The care they offer is just that little bit more then statutory this is because the sector makes the children feel like the school is also their home and that the professionals are family. Professionals in the sector will constantly observe the children for safety. Education in this sector is organised daily, this includes creative learning, letter and number work, singing and story time to boost confidence and their understanding. Education is also provided in a way of treating the child as an individual to show they develop at their own speed. This sector will also treat special needs children equal and show no discrimination. Voluntary; a small grant is donated for them to start up there business one example is child lines and mother and toddler groups. Voluntary provides help, support, and education to children. On nspcc. org. uk is say this is doing by; 1) ‘Focusing on areas which will make the biggest difference 2) Prioritise the children at risk 3) Learn what works the best for them 4) Create leverage for change’. When the sector finds new ways to help children they will test it out to see ow it goes and if it works then they will carry on with the new idea. They educate the children by the things they say and do to them to forget about certain things in their life and to develop them to move on and stay strong. E2 Statutory sector supports children and their families by doing things that will help their children to develop and grow, they fit around parents timetables and help them to go about their daily life knowing there child is in good monitored care. The statutory sector protects children and gives their families a sense of relief. It also helps parents with educating the child in their background and helps them understand more of the culture, also helps the families get good education for their child with the cost being mostly funded for them so it’s free. The private sector supports families and their children by giving them a safe secure place and making the child feel at home. It helps families go about their schedules and have a feel of relief that their child is going to be happy where they are, it supports them in a way of helping a child become better at their strengths, and it includes everything important in the Childs life. Voluntary work supports children in helping them overcome serious happenings in their life, and to become aware of people who have experienced similar going on and to help them have a better life in the future, and gives them closure. It supports the parents by being free of cost. E3 Childrens Act 2004; The act was around in 1989 but after a lot of going on it was updated to Children’s act 2004, it planned to improve how social services worked and how people would treat the children in their care. To help the children they plan to bring multiple agencies together to protect innocent children and stop the abuse that maybe going on. The 1989 act was poor, it made it easier for abusers to get away with what they did or gets a low sentence, this is because agencies didn’t come together and share information. The children get better response for what has happened and their needs are more focused on, the court decides what is best for the child to make them safer as it is one of their rights. The act allows children and their families to come together a lot more in making them a lot afer then what they would have felt before. On surrey. gov. uk website it says ‘The Act aims to improve effective local working to safeguard and promote children’s wellbeing’. The act has a lot of intention in making a Childs well-being noticed and important and aim to do the following; * Keep the child healthy * Keeping the child safe * Help the child have fun and enjoy life m ore and achieve things they thought they couldn’t. The children act 1989 was poor; the new act 2004 was promoted in ways such as teaming a lot more agencies together to work on keeping a child safe and having rights to what they deserve. The act shows people that children have rights to an education, healthy lifestyle and to be a child and enjoy their life without any threat. Education Act 2002; This act came around in 2002, on the europarchive. org website it say that ‘It is a substantial and important piece of legislation intended to raise standards, promote innovation in schools and reform education law’. This would help children get a better and healthier education through their life and make their lifestyle normal and challenging to become what they are willing to become. The act helps children to qualify for a greater and more flexibility in certain areas of the national curriculum. You read "Child Care Introduction to Children" in category "Essay examples" This helps children become involved with other people because it joins schools together as a team to work together on the well-being of the children. Human Rights Act 1998; This act came around in 1998 and aimed to help children have major rights in their life to give their lifestyle normality and a lot more easy going when it comes to the way families are. The rights support children in a way of safety and a healthy life some examples of human rights that are important to a child’s life are; 1. reedom from torture and degrading treatment 2. the right to respect for private and family life 3. the right not to be discriminated against in respect of these rights and freedoms 4. the right to an education If any of this rights are breached you have the right to an effective solution in law even if the breach was done by a police officer you still have the right to go to law. E4 Every child Matters; This provides every child no matter their background or circumstances the support they will need. Every child needs to be healthy which includes growing and their development as well as their emotional and physical well being, the environment needs to be a safe place for them to be able to develop, another principle is for the children to enjoy and achieve through their learning and be able to achieve economic well-being through their life. These are crucial to be in your placement for the children to develop as the first 3 years are critical. This will help children’s life become healthy and have normality to. Welfare of children is paramount (children act 1989); A child’s welfare is paramount. The idea is that when decisions are made the needs and interests of the children must come first this means they need to be recognized as an individual. This will shape children in becoming aware of routines and the way their daily life will carry on. The court determines what will be best for the child’s upbringing and decides this by these points legislation. gov. uk it states ‘the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child concerned (considered in the light of his age and understanding). Cache Statement of values; The values in this are ways of putting the child first. To do this you will never use physical punishment towards a child, respect the parent or those in a parenting role, respect the staff in the child care industry and those involved, respect values and spiritual beliefs of the child and their family, honour the confidentiality of the child and their family. If these are not respected and done right then these could be life threatening to a child and those involved with the child. This will shape children in building their respect by showing you’re respecting others they will copy. E5 The importance of valuing and respecting children will show them that you as a member of staff or a practitioner will not judge them or label them for who they are or how they look and do certain things. It will help them understand that everyone is individual and different but that doesn’t mean to treat them any different. If you show the children respect it shows a sense of care for them and will boost their confidence. Respecting and valuing will help the child understand more on what they are doing and will help them in life, to support this on community. rg it states ‘creating environments  that foster creativity, innovation, discovery, inquiry,  questioning and problem solving. This is how settings help children increase and how it shows we respect what they need to learn and discover. it will show they are just as important as anyone else in the establishment which will make them not as shy. Their self esteem will rise if you talk to them like an adult and say more positive things, also saying their name correctly and praising them on the good shows that you value them as an individual and that learning their name also will show their important to. C The practitioner should listen to a child views and their opinions because it will help them with their confidence on showing that they can have a conversation about anything and show they have a voice to. If their confidence rises then they will communicate better with others and make new friends and be able to talk about their daily life routine a lot more and be able to say if something is wrong and if they need help. Listening to a child shows their important just like everyone else and that you value them as a person. A more confident child will tend to work harder in what they do to achieve and develop a lot more as well. The more a child is listened to the more open minded they will become and more outspoken. This will make it easier for them to become understood and will allow practitioners to identify their wants and needs. It’s a way of involving a child in decision making and showing them there are not really any wrong answer and they can learn from their mistakes. Also to show you have time to try and understand what they are saying, to support what I have said Tassoni et al (2007 page 13) ‘a child might need you to listen carefully so that you can understand what he or she is trying to say’. Also from listening to children a practitioner will gain their respect for you . A A child centred approach means to identify a child’s abilities and weakness’s and work around that with activities that they could handle, it also means to make the environment to the standard of their needs and to cater what they may need. Everything is based around the child. On growingplaces. org. uk they state ‘It allows freedom for children to think, experience, explore, question and search for answers’. Tassoni et al (2007 page 234) says ‘You will need to ensure that children’s interests are always reflected in what they do’ this is a way of ensuring the child is interested in learning and activities. The advantages of a child centred approach are that the children all gain something important to do with their life it helps families and practitioners notice their strengths and weaknesses as an individual so it is easier to help them focus on certain things. Another advantage is their needs are always catered for. They have a home like atmosphere in the environment for example toilet and sinks to keep their hygiene up also there are potties and nappies, changing rooms for those children who will need them. Their dietary is focused on and professionals will work around it. Another way of making a child centred approach is for early year practitioners to communicate this will help an individual child extend their knowledge or thinking, model ideas, prompt questions, nurture development, support the acquisition on specific skills. The disadvantages of a child centred approach is that it could make it hard for a child to go into something different like a primary school as they have not been prepared for that big leap in their life, it also makes it hard to slightly explain to a child that they can’t do something they ask as in past experience the child has always got what they have needed due to the child centred approach. I believe that the child centred approach is a good thing because it helps a child have a healthy lifestyle and helps them notice what they are going to gain and their strengths in the environment. Also that it helps them live their life as a child before rushing into something strange, the routine of their life is kept the same in some places as it is at home. E6 Confidentiality; This is an important skill because it shows that you are keeping private information about a child or a child’s household inside the nursery and not outside. This is an important skill to need in the work place with children because children will say a lot and if they say something about what may of happened to them for example abuse then it is the rules of being in a childcare establishment that you tell nobody if you on’t keep it confidential and it may not be true you could hurt someone and lose your right to work in that place. This will help support your work with children because it shows you are a trustworthy person and that you have knowledge of the rules and regulations of the workplace. It will make professionals trust you. To support what I have said in Tassoni 2007 page 11 it states ‘some of this information will be confidential information and must not be shared’. Communication; This is an important skill because you need to be confident enough to be able to talk to parents and other staff members about the children and things that will be needed to do around the work area. This will help support you working with children because you need to be able to communicate properly with the children because you will need to talk to them at different levels and know how to talk to children from babies to 11 year olds, also the be able to communicate with the other staff members to discuss planning activities or if the child is hurt you will need to communicate with the staff member and communicate in a team. Observation skills; This is important because you’ll need it to observe activities that are going on and the way children are behaving if it is appropriate or not. This will help your support with working with children because it shows that you know how to do things when working in that establishment for the future, it will help you set up activities or learn a child’s need. It shows that you can see children as an individual and that’s what you will need to do. Having this will also show that you are good at learning new things by observing how other staff members do things. E7 Time management; This would be important to support your training because being able to show up on time for a placement and to take in coursework that’s due in shows you’re determined to do well and give a good impression. Being able to keep on time also shows that you’re well organized when it comes to deadlines or dates you need to be in and that you’re taking things seriously. Managing time is not a tricky thing to do and being able to be on time for everything shows dedication. If you’re on time or early for placements it could lead to a permanent offer or a good review of your time there. The children are less developed in time management then you and will take what you do in to mind on time-management-success. com it states ‘Punctuality is a big issue in terms of time management for kids who have a less developed sense of time’. Giving Presentations; This helps support your training because it helps you take away what you’ve learnt and seen and put it up for everyone else to see your understanding. Being able to give a presentation also shows confidence and your understanding of the subject as well. It makes things easier for tutors to see how much you have developed and if you do need any help at all or if there are any errors. Note Taking; This helps support your training because it helps you go over anything you may not understand, note taking shows that you’re serious about learning things about what to do and what not to do in a placement. Also it helps you do units and give you ideas on what to write. Note taking in a placement will help you understand the difference in other childcare areas and it may lead to questions that you would like to ask to improve your knowledge. B Confidentiality; It is important to understand this boundary because working in a nursery or day-care centred even a primary school you will hear stories from the children or over here parents and staff talking about private things. The information you may hear is private and you must understand you cannot talk to anyone outside of the placement as someone who knows that family could over hear and this would affect them. A good test to know if a piece of information is confidential is to think about whether it’s common knowledge or if you only know it because of the position of you are in inside the nursery (Tassoni et al 2007). Understanding this will stop you hurting others or gossiping about other people behind their back. Health and safety; This is important to understand as a boundary also because you will need to know the child’s health issues if there are any or whether the child is safe where they are in the environment. You will need to understand what you should do if you see a gate or door open, this could be an easy way for unwanted visitors in the environment. On the premises you should as a member of staff what to do if a fire alarm goes off so you know what to do with the children when something like that does happen. If you don’t understand your limits when it comes to healthy and safety with children then you could be making a lot of mistakes and this could upset a lot of people. Also understand the limits of what a practitioner can do such as changing nappies and taking children to the toilet you may not be able to do this yet as you’re a learner. Managing A child behaviour; Practitioners may come across children with anger problems or any other behaviour problems which could be medical or non medical. When dealing with this you need to know what your limit is on how to handle them. You will need to go to a member of staff or manager and ask questions on what to do if a child has got a behaviour problem and what your limits are in dealing with this. You will also need to learn your boundaries because you could over excite a child and distract them when they must be focusing on an activity. Understanding your limit and boundaries is important on the well-being of the child. D1 There are three main types of people you as a practitioner should maintain a relationship with are; 1) Parents ) Professionals The Parents; The reason it is important to have an appropriate relationship with a parent is because you will need to talk to the parent about how their child is developing, what they have ate. What they have been doing throughout the day and if there have been any problems. You will see and need to speak to the parent occasionally on behalf of the child. The parent will need to trust you with their child and feel comfortable so they can get on with their life knowi ng their child is in safe hands. Other Professionals; It is important to maintain an appropriate relationship with other professionals as you will be working alongside them for a long time. You will be working as a team and you will need to have a relationship to feel comfortable in putting your views across and asking question on if you’re confused or not. If the relationship between you and the other professional is complicated then the children (who are your main priorities) will pick up on this atmosphere and feel wary and upset. If the child senses a positive feeling between a practitioner and professional then they will feel a sense of safety and calmness and comfort to know that nothing is going to happen and everyone will be fine. D2 Multi-agency team functions by bringing together practitioners from different sectors and professions. On cwdcouncil. org. uk they quote ‘within the workforce they provide integrated support to children and their  families, for example a ‘team around the child’ (TAC)’. The multi agency also has several professionals coming together as a team. Many benefits are in this type of agency such as support and advice on parents that need it. It helps families with young children by placing them in a onsite nursery until there finished with classes such as parenting. Multi agency is an effective way to support the children that have extra needs and help with improvement on their development. The way they make sure they meet the child and families needs is by communicating well with each other and by understanding their roles and responsibilities within the agency. As a practitioner you will need to learn what other professionals are involved in your setting and how this might affect your work. Some of the characteristics of a multi agency are cooperation/collaboration, knowledge, common goals and effective communication. This will all help you when working in a multi agency because it will help you with what you need to find out and understand more on what the parent or child will need when in an environment such as help on certain subjects, dietary and religion. It helps other professionals in an environment also to share knowledge of a family together so professionals do not ask the family the same questions over; they are well organized and serious about their roles on making life easier for families and children. E8 Bibliography Community childcare growing places – what is meant by child centred approach [online] http://www. growingplaces. org. uk/reggio. htm (13/10/2011) Children Act 1989- Welfare of the children http://www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1989/41/section/1 (15/12/2011) Children Services Community Management. We Value Children. ttp://www. cscommunity. org. au/index. php? id=45 (15/12/2011) Cruelty to children must stop. FULL STOP. Our approach to what we do http://www. nspcc. org. uk/what-we-do/about-the-nspcc/our-approach/our-approach_ wda72244. html (12/10/2011) Multi-agency working An effective way of supporting children and families with additional needs http://www. cwdcouncil. org. uk/multiagencyworking (14/10/201 1) Tassoni P, Beth, K. Bulman, K Eldridge, H. (2007) CACHE Level 3 Child Care And Education 4th Edition Heinemann: England. THE CHILDREN ACT 2004 – OVERVIEW – Background [online] ttp://www. surreycc. gov. uk/sccwebsite/sccwspublications. nsf/f2d920e015d1183d80256c670041a50b/5e17effdd34f9726802572f30055617d/$FILE/CYPP%20Childrens%20Act%20Briefing%20v2. pdf accessed (11/10/2011) The National Archives-Main provisions of the Education Act 2002 [online] http://collections. europarchive. org/tna/20091115062646/teachernet. gov. uk/educationoverview/educationact/summary/ (13/10/2011) Time Management Success. Why is time management important. http://www. time-management-success. com/why-is-time-management-important. html (15/12/2011) How to cite Child Care Introduction to Children, Essay examples

Indigenous Australia In 20th Century

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Australia In 20th Century. Answer: Are land rights the path to equality for Indigenous peoples? Illustrate your answer to this question with at least two case studies. Indigenous Australians are at the verge of the settlement of the constitution. The text of the Constitution of Australia is bleak. The indigenous have been mentioned only once bluntly in section 51 (xxvi) which permits the Commonwealth to constitutionalise for the people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any state, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws (Breyley, 2007). In the referendum of 1967, the phrase, other than the aboriginal race in any state was removed. During colonisation, approximately 260 language groups existed along with 500 dialects among the indigenous Australians. They resided in small family groups and were semi-nomadic where each group lived in a specified territory and their movements were systematic during the seasonal changes. Since they were semi-nomadic, they were non-materialistic. More stress was laid on spiritual, social and religious activities. The believed that the environment is controlled by spiritual means instead of physical ways and the country was deeply tied by religion (Prdanos Figueroa Helland, 2015). Land is the basic necessity of indigenous people. The concepts of land ownership according to the indigenous community are different from the European legal systems. They fixed their boundaries by the Dreaming Creation Stories. The individuals belonged to the territory and the connections with the country were spiritual and obligatory. Therefore, they belonged to the land instead of owning it. Torres Strait islander culture and history Origins and features of Torres Strait The Torres Strait is the seaway present between Papua New Guinea and the northernmost east coast of Australia, between the Arafura Sea and the Coral Sea. The Torres Strait consists of around 100 islands. A land bridge named the Sahul Shelf connected Papua New Guinea with the Australian mainland around some 80 thousand to 90 thousand years back. The existence of the Torres Strait is a result of this (Hay Carriage, 2012). The residents of Torres Strait live in 18 communities in 17 of the 100 islands along with several locations in Australia. In 1879, the annexure of the Torres Strait took place and it became the crown land as part of Queensland. History Since the mid-19th century, the islanders went through crucial changes due to their increased contact with the Europeans. The residents of Torres Strait adapted to the new lifestyle which was being introduced by the government administration, religion and maritime industries. Colonisation The European settlement transferred to the Botany Bay outwards since the settlers started demanding land to use for economic gains. Livestock were being taken by several Aboriginal groups from the European flocks. This resulted in full-fledged wars since this was viewed as stealing by the Europeans. Aboriginals followed guerilla tactics which led to the destruction of livestock. The colonisation aimed to make the lands free from aboriginals in order to use it for development (Davidson, 2010). As the lands of the aboriginals were increasingly occupied, they shifted to the European settlements since the food supplies got disrupted. The aboriginal people decided to exchange labour for goods which was their kinship system. Nonetheless, this was perceived by the settlers as different since labour was not viewed as gifts but individual exchange. As a result, the traditional life of the aboriginals started to get disrupted which made them come to the white society where their perceptions were like hopeless remnants in the dominant society. Nevertheless, the aboriginals were finally subjected to policies by the government which put efforts in displacing, protecting, dispersing, converting and gradually assimilating them (Balme, 2013). The 1967 commonwealth referendum The 1967 commonwealth referendum symbolizes to grant the aboriginals full citizenship rights. However, problems were still prevalent even after this. Racism as well as disadvantages posed increasingly difficulties for them. The period noted a change in the emphasis laid on civil rights to the understanding that certain rights were being possessed by the aboriginals which were not applicable to other Australians (Hergenhan, 1967). Three stages have been used to capture these changes which are prohibiting racial discrimination, land rights and facilitation of self-determination. As suggested by McGregor, (2008) during this time, major events such as the walk off by the Gurindji people from wave hill cattle station in 1966 signaled the fight for land rights. National attention was gained by the indigenous activities by leading political agitation, rallies and public protests. Significant achievements have been seen in the 1960s and the 1970s since they are the historical moments for aboriginal rights. These include the establishment of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, the creation of the Aboriginal flag by Harold Thomas in 1971, and the beginning of civil rights and land rights legislation (Prest, 1967). Case studies Yirrkala Yirrkala is a settlement in the Northern territory in Arnhem Land. The pastoral as well as mining developers had an eye on Arnhem Land since the 1950s since it was a location which was seen as lucrative enough. The Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve was the occupier of this area who proved to be a hindrance nonetheless, but not an insurmountable one. In 1963, it was announced by Prime Minister Robert Menzies that mining was approved in the vicinity of the Yirrkala Methodist Mission ("Collaborating at the trowel's edge: teaching and learning in indigenous archaeology", 2009). It was argued by the then minister of territories that this development would serve to be fruitful to the aboriginal people in Yirrkala. Contrary to this, Kim Beazley, who was the Member for Fremantle, argued in the creation of Aboriginal land title which was the first time that such a concept came into being. He stated, Systematically, when anything of any value is discovered in them, areas become excised from the Aboriginal reserves (Breyley, 2007). In 1963, Kim Beazley and Gordon Bryant went to Yirrkala to visit the residents. It was suggested by Kim Beazley that the aboriginals should submit a petition to the government since it was their right. They reported after their mission, that the aboriginals did not have any services and rights enjoyed by the other states in Australia. Furthermore, it was also reported by them that only land was regarded as their own by these people and they could easily figure out their traditional boundaries. The Commonwealth government was highly criticized by them since it was utterly insensitive to the economics as well as the social structure of the community (Payne, 2010). The form of petition should be made in such a manner that expressed the culture of the people. The people liked this notion suggested by Kim Beazley and started to work on this with the support of Edgar Wells and his wife along with Doug Tuffin who was another Yirrkala missionary. The petitions were submitted to the House of Representatives which were pasted in a bark and beautiful traditional designs were crafted in it and those petitions expressed the distress of the people who were not being consulted (Seow, 2015). A Select Committee was set up the Parliament on Grievances of Yirrkala Aborigines. The members of the committee travelled to the Arnhem Land in order to collect evidence the residents, a mining representative and the missionaries. A number of recommendations were being made in the Committee Report. One of them was, compensation for loss of traditional occupancy be made by way of a land grant' (Deveson, 2011). Yirrkala served as the motivation for struggle for land in other parts of the country such as Lake Tyers in Aboriginal Station in south-western Victoria. Leaders and spokesmen from particular religious firms played major roles in the development and dissemination of arguments for the right of land for aboriginals. A legal challenge was launched in 1968 by the tribes of Yirrkala against the bauxite alumina project. The Northern Territory Supreme Court commenced on hearing the case in the next year which was brought in by Mungurraway Mathaman and others who represent the clans against the Commonwealth and Nabalco. Damages, declarations and injunctions were sought by them which were associated with the use as well as occupation of the specific areas of the Arnhem Land Reserve. In order to accumulate money for the fight, a public appeal was raised (Levi, 2003). Mr. Justice Blackburn ruled out against the claimants of the Yirrkala clan on 27th April 1971 and stated that whatever rights were being held by the aboriginals were invalidated after it was colonised as crown city. The mining company was given rights to proceed without paying any heeds to the complaints of the Yirrkala tribes. However, under the act of Aboriginal Land Rights of 1976, the Yirrkala tribes received the land title but the objections to the mining leases had been excluded particularly from this act (Nurruwutthun, 1980). Wave Hill walk-off The aboriginal pastoral workers in August 1966 walked off their jobs at Wave Hill in the Northern territory. Initially, they expressed their unhappiness with working conditions which were not up to the mark and the treatment received by them was utterly disrespectful. The following year they travelled to Wattie Creek which was a significant location for the Gurindji tribe. The disaffection of the Gurindji people was deeper than their distress regarding the wages and poor working conditions since they did not have rights to their lands (Seow, 2015). In April 1967, the families of the workers moved to Daguragu in Wattie Creek but according to the Australian law, they inhabited illegally in the part of 6158 square miles which had been leased to Vesteys. They selected Daguragu since it was considered to be a sacred site and also consisted of a permanent source of water. It was learnt by Frank Hardy that according to the section 112 of the Crown Land Ordinance, the governor general could grant a lease to the aboriginals in connection with their traditional lands. A lease of 500 miles was requested by them which were supposed to be run as a mining lease as well as cattle station (Prdanos Figueroa Helland, 2015). In August 1967, it was written by the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI) that they supported the petition by the Gurindji people for returning their tribal lands. The Whitlam government came into power in 1972 which promised to legislate the rights and the Gurindji people were hopeful once again (Prest, 1967). The original lease of the Wave Hill was surrendered and two new leases were issued in exchange for that: one to the Murramulla Gurindji Company and the other to the Vesteys. The lease for the Gurindji included sacred sites which were significant to them. It is agreed that the identity of the aboriginals is established on the descent as well as the country of origin. Descent does not just refer to belonging to people and place. This includes kinship i.e. obligations and relationships to other people and places or country. The idea of a country is basic to the identity of aboriginals. This idea became increasingly imperative because of the advent of Native Title and Land Rights. References Balme, J. (2013). The maritime factor in the colonisation of Australia.Quaternary International, 285, p.195. Breyley, G. (2007). Diasporic Transpositions: Indigenous and Jewish Performances of Mourning in 20th-Century Australia.Ethnomusicology Forum, 16(1), pp.95-126. Collaborating at the trowel's edge: teaching and learning in indigenous archaeology. (2009).Choice Reviews Online, 47(03), pp.47-1499-47-1499. Davidson, I. (2010). 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